What Must todo

This is a simple LED flasher project that uses a common 555 timer IC for its operation. It is configured as an astable mode which means that its output is a square wave oscillator. Two LEDs are connected to its output in such a way that when one LED is ON, the other LED will turn OFF. 

It uses only 10 simple parts that are easily available at any electronic shops. Capacitor C2 charges exponentially through resistors R1, R2 and the resistance of the trimpot. When C2 has charged to about 2/3 VCC it stops charging and it discharges to about 1/3 VCC through R2 and the trimpot resistance via pin 7. This is the standard operation of a 555 timer. When a Vcc of 5 V to 15 V DC is applied to the circuit, the LED will start to flash.

The frequency of the flashing can be changed by varying the resistance of the potentiometer or trimpot. Parts List The parts list of the simple LED project is as shown below.

This circuit LED reproduces the first LED sequence at this time used by FISA on behalf of Formula single racing. It may perhaps be alive used with slot car sets (such for example HO shin up AFX/Life Like/Tyco sets) or else means of communication controlled cars. IC1, a 555 timer IC, is used as a watch pulse generator. Its output is fed via NAND gates IC2a and IC2c to IC3, a 4024 binary counter. IC2b inverts the O4 output of 4024 binary counter IC3. originally, IC3 is reset and all its outputs are low, together with O4, which causes IC2b to present-day a rational climax to the pin 8 input of IC2c which after that passes pulses from the 555 timer circuit to the clock input of the 4024. IC3 then begins together with.

Following the count has reached binary 1111, the subsequently pulse sends the O4 output of IC3 high, which disables IC2c and IC3 stops with. The four used outputs of IC3 are connected to a resistor ‘ladder’ which acts to the same degree a clear-cut digital to analog convert-er (DAC). As the count increases so does the voltage produced by the side of the top of the ladder and this is connected to the inverting inputs of four comparators inside IC4 (an LM339) and to IC5, which is a 741 op amp furthermore connected while a comparator.

The categorical inputs of the comparators are connected to the taps of a voltage dividing wall, with the drumming voltages settle on using VR1, a 100kO trimpot. As IC3 counts, the rising stepped voltage from the DAC ladder switches the comparators on clothed in sequence, preliminary with IC4d and working up to IC5. in the same way as both comparator is curved on, its pair off of LEDs is lit; former LEDs 1 & 2, next LEDs 3 & 4 and so on. as soon as all five pairs of LEDs are lit, the then pulse from IC1 moves the binary count of IC3 to 10000, so the DAC voltage drops back to zilch and all LEDs are extinguished. by the same spell, with too stops, for the reason that the area of high pressure on O4 causes IC2c to check extra gate pulses. The circuit in that case remains reserve until the counter is reset by urgent pushbutton switch S1. This allows a recent sequence to initiate.

A Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) device is, put bluntly, a machine for giving electric shocks. The author was prescribed such a device on loan by his orthopaedic specialist. The unit has a large number of programmes, of which he used only one. Measuring the signals at the output of the device in this mode revealed damped oscillations at a frequency of approximately 2.5 kHz, with a repetition rate of approximately 100 Hz.

How hard can it be to make such a device ourselves? The simple circuit uses a CMOS 555 timer to produce a brief pulse which feeds a 1:10 miniature transformer. Together with a 4.7 nF capacitor the transformer makes a parallel resonant circuit: the resonance leads to a considerable increase in the output voltage. The pulse width can be adjusted using a potentiometer, here shown combined with the on-off switch. Wider pulses produce higher output voltages. Since a peak voltage of up to 200 V can be produced, the transformer must have adequate insulation: Conrad Electronics type 516260-62 is suitable. A low-cost phono socket at the output gives reliable connection to the electrode cable.

The adhesive electrodes shown in the photograph (disposable and permanent types are available) can be obtained from pharmacies and medical suppliers. They generally have connectors compatible with 2 mm banana plugs, and so it is possible to make up the necessary cable yourself. To treat responsive parts of the body, such as the arm, the potentiometer need not be turned up far to obtain the necessary sensation. Less sensitive parts, such as the knee or foot, need a rather higher voltage and hence a correspondingly higher potentiometer setting.

Author: Klaus Rohwer – Copyright: Elektor Electronics Magazine

Link:http://www.extremecircuits.net/2010/06/transcutaneous-electrical-nerve_03.html

The LEDs are arranged so to facilitate what time the polarity across the circuit is lone way single one LED force light and what time the polarity reverses the other LED will light, therefore while rebuff transistor is connected to the tester the LEDs will alternately flicker. The IC2 outputs are too connected to resistors R4 and R5 with the junction of these two resistors connected to the immoral of the transistor being tested. With a proficient transistor connected to the tester, the transistor yearn for circle on and crop a passing across the LED duo. If a good NPN transistor is connected next LED1 will burst by itself and if a good PNP transistor is connected then LED2 will flash by itself. If the transistor is initiate both LEDs force flash and if the transistor is shorted at that moment neither LED will flash.

IC Timer 555 has a basic PWM controller with pulse width control feature 0 .. 100% which is controlled using the R1, at the time of controlling the oscillator frequency relatively stabi so it may be used to build the Simple PWM controller.

Frequency of Simple PWM controller 555 depending on the value of R1 and C1, values ​​shown R1 and C1 will form the output with a frequency of 170 to 200 Hz. Diode-diode used in the Simple PWM controller With this 555 can use a 1N4148.

R2, R3 and C3 form a giver triger circuit beginning at the reset IC 555 for 2 seconds. If you want to use a series of Simple PWM controller 555 with the V + not +12 V, it does not matter to raise tilapia R2 where (V + * R2) / (R2 + R3) is about 2, because it limits the signal level reset is 0.5 .. 1V. If you do not do that, then signal the kickstart to get too close to the limit reset signal reception.

Q output of 555 on the Simple PWM controller circuit 555 is used for driver PWM pulse, so that the discharge pin is used for transistor output driver instead. This is an open collector output, and is used as an active signal is low, so it can work. D3 protects the output transistor of the load induction. You may replace any suitable transistors for Q1, BD140 is 1.5 amps.

C4 and C5 is the power decoupling capacitor for the IC 555 on the Simple PWM controller circuit 555, which produce relatively large level of push-pull output stage.

555 timer tester is a simple circuit that serves to test the condition of IC 555. 555 timer circuit tester, in principle, start the timer 555 in astable multivibrator mode. As an indicator of the status of the timer 555 good condition or damaged to use 2 pieces LED which will light up in a blink alternately when the timer 555 in good condition. And only one will turn on or off all the timer 555 when the condition is broken. 555 timer circuit tester is powered using 9 Volt DC voltage source.

This circuit is called DC TO DC converter circuit.Which increase the voltage circuit.There can be customized to change the output values. When the power supply input to IC1 is the output pin 3 at a frequency of 1 kHz.The frequency is Q1 and Q2, which will continue to use push pool work interchangeably.If this is the positive output signal Q1 Q2 will run the delete function this reason, C2 and C3 capacitors are half-wave alternating.When to use. Voltage from C2 to C3 is discharged out to the input voltage over almost two times less than 2 times due to the loss of diodes D1-D3.